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8d810842-3d7d-4a74-838b-c471dd7d70eb BROWN BEAR Back General Description: Brown bears have a bulky muscle mass located above the shoulders. This hump is designed to power the forelimbs and makes them exceptionally powerful diggers. This is one of the features that distinguishes them from the more common North American black bear which lacks such a shoulder hump. Distribution: Brown bears are the most widely distributed bears in the world. They are found in North America, Europe, and Asia. Habitat: Brown bears live in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, alpine and subalpine meadows, and even the Arctic tundra. Diet: Brown bears are omnivorous. Depending on season, habitat, and region, they can eat grasses, berries, sedges, fungi, mosses, roots, nuts, fruits, honey, insects, birds, and fish (trout, bass, and particularly adult salmon returning to rivers to spawn). In some regions, 80-90% of their diet consists of vegetation. Population: 200,000 Length: Average 6.5 feet Height: 3.5 feet Weight: Males: 300 to 850 pounds, Females: 200 to 450 pounds Geographic Range

2db77871-00d1-47a4-bb33-3524610bad8e BLACK BEAR DIET Canada Bluejoint Calamagrostis canadensis May Spring Canada Bluejoint is a common native grass, long lived perennial grass that grows 2' to 6' tall. And is found in a variety of moist to wet places all across Minnesota as well as much of North America.

6366b329-459e-4078-be3b-23f8f2efbf49 Where the Bear Walks: From Fear to Understanding Of all the creatures on earth, bears are among the most revered and the most feared. Once numbering in the hundreds of thousands, grizzlies in North America were systematically driven to near extinction in a mass persecution fueled by fear and exaggerated stories. That paranoia has remained in one form or another to this day, lurking in the minds of backcountry travelers and haunting the wooded slopes of our National Parks. Now with the catastrophic loss of the Yellowstone grizzly's most vital food source, the battle lines are being re-drawn as the hungry animals encroach on human habitations in search of protein. With public fears escalating, drastic and unsound decisions are being made to reduce the population of a species with one of the slowest reproductive rates of any creature on the planet. Profiled in this book are the efforts of a special few who, daring to get closer to these animals than anyone else, are working to show that bears are not the malicious killers of horror stories and that, in order to save them, we must first understand them. Chris Nunnally May 5, 2013 158 Pages:

9e287a28-4781-4e1f-b01f-febe6a61473b < Back Slide 78 of 83 < > When a white pine finally does fall, it becomes valuable in a new way. Unlike smaller logs that quickly dry out and disintegrate, big white pine logs stay moist and provide habitat for up to two centuries.

9030e0db-b9f8-46af-a3bc-1661868fe105 The Mammals of Minnesota The state of Minnesota and the mammals that live there. Evan B Hazard August 18, 1982 296 Pages:

April 1, 2022 Prevent conflicts with bears with these spring tips from the DNR Submitted by Admin1 on Fri, 04/01/2022 - 13:59 With bears emerging from hibernation in the coming weeks, the Minnesota Department of Natural Resources reminds homeowners to check their property for food sources that could attract bears. “Please take the time now to remove or secure anything that could attract a bear,” said Eric Nelson, DNR wildlife damage program supervisor. “Prevention is key. Once a bear finds a food source, it will likely return again.” As bears emerge from hibernation, their metabolism gradually ramps up and they will begin looking for food at a time when berries and green vegetation are scarce. Home and cabin owners should remove or secure attractants such as birdseed, garbage, livestock feed, or compost to reduce potential conflicts. Black bears are the only bear species that lives in the wild in Minnesota. Bears are more common in the forested region of northern Minnesota but can live anywhere in the state if they find an area of suitable habitat. They usually are shy and flee when encountered. Never approach or try to pet a bear. Injury to people is rare, but bears are potentially dangerous because of their size, strength and speed. Avoid bear conflicts by following these tips: Around the yard • Any time you feed birds, you risk attracting bears. Avoid feeding birds from April 1 to Nov. 15. If you still wish to feed birds, hang birdfeeders 10 feet up and 4 feet out from the nearest trees. • Do not put out feed for wildlife (like corn, oats, pellets or molasses blocks). • Do not leave food from barbeques and picnics outdoors, especially overnight. Standard coolers are not bear-proof. Clean and store barbeque grills in a secure shed or garage away from windows and doors after each use. • Harvest garden produce as it matures, pick any fruit left on trees and collect any fallen fruit. Locate gardens away from forests and shrubs that bears may use for cover. • Store pet food inside and feed pets inside. If pets must be fed outdoors, feed them only as much as they will eat. Garbage • Store garbage in bear-resistant garbage cans or dumpsters. Standard rubber or plastic garbage cans are not bear-proof. • Keep garbage inside a secure building until the morning of pickup. • Properly rinse all recyclable containers with hot water to remove all remaining product. • Store recyclable containers, such as pop cans, inside. • More bear information People should be cautious around bears and give them space. If bear problems persist after cleaning up food sources, contact a DNR area wildlife office for advice. For the name of the local wildlife manager, contact the DNR Information Center at 651-296-6157 or 888-646-6367, or find wildlife area office contact information ( mndnr.gov/Areas/Wildlife ) on the DNR website. For more information on how to coexist with bears visit the DNR website ( mndnr.gov/LivingWith_Wildlife/Bears ) and bearwise.org .

946c8773-f955-4602-86d6-d4a1835284e4 < Back Slide 23 of 83 < > This made it safer and helped clear the land for farms -- but it meant wherever the big trees were cut, the seedlings would be burned up.

ALL BEAR SPECIES All Bear Species

2330f528-915e-4ec0-bded-41a46413812c < Back Slide 48 of 83 < > The scarcity of these trees makes each individual more valuable as a seed tree and as habitat, but it also makes them more needed by local sawmill operators who are running out of them.

ADOLESCENT BEARS Understanding Yearling and Adolescent Black Bear Behaviors Black bear yearlings come in all shapes, sizes and personalities, but they all have two things in common, an adolescent brain and limited experience in the world. On top of that, they are naturally a very intelligent and inquisitive animal. In the black bear world, cubs are born while the mom is denned in January. They leave the den in March or April and stay with mom, while learning the about the world until May or June of the next year when family breakup occurs. Family breakup happens suddenly in May or June when mom is nearly ready to mate, triggered by a rise in hormones. Family bonds remain strong right up to the day of family breakup. In the days before family breakup, they play together, groom each other, sleep together, and suckle. Like human youngsters, yearling bears sleep very soundly, trusting their safety to the alertness of their mother. Then, suddenly, mom chases them away. If the yearlings refuse to leave, they are continuously chased off and possibly swiped at by mom, causing minor injuries, til they get the idea that mom no longer wants them around. Family breakup can be traumatic and could possibly be pivotal for how yearlings react to other bears and situations for their entire lives. Black bear yearlings are about 16 months old when they are set free on the world in this way. Just like human adolescents, this population has outliers. Some yearlings are terrified of the world when family breakup occurs and spend the entire first month of their freedom in a tree, coming down only to eat and drink-at a fast run while on the ground. On the other end of the spectrum, you have the yearlings that were ready to leave mom half way through their first summer as cubs-who needs mom, right? Then you have have those in the middle of the fear factor range. Every bear’s personality is different, so each young black bear handles family breakup in their own way, with different degrees of fear, or lack thereof, leading the way. To the black bear yearling, the world is new, scary, exciting and dangerous. There are many things to explore, and unfortunately, they have to make many mistakes to figure out how it works. When you add in having friends in the same “mom-free” situation as you, every day can be full of non-stop playing, eating, sleeping, swimming, and exploring-alone or in small groups. Yearling brothers Doug and Jim begin playing. 2-year-old Ty and yearling Boy join in. Older, bigger Ty manages to wear the younger bears out one by one. All in good fun! My favorite neighborhood tale is when a resident had their clothes on a clothesline. Picture being of “young black bear mind” and never seeing such a sight before. Wouldn’t you want to check it out and play with it to figure out what it is? Well, this resident watched as a group of yearlings decided this was an amazing opportunity to play with those mysterious objects flapping in the breeze. Upon seeing what was being done to her clean laundry, the resident marched out to save it. She grabbed the clothes off the clothesline and walked back to the house with them. This situation ended in a priceless vision of a parade, consisting of a woman followed by several yearlings-who couldn’t understand why their new playthings were being taken away-marching to the house. Young black bears can be mischievous, curious, and get into things and will investigate most things “new” in their world. Put anything you don’t want them to have inside. Keep in mind they are young, playful, mom-free for the first time and they are all figuring out their own way in the world.

9b39d39c-a1ee-48ba-905e-41df8a3dbaed < Back Slide 45 of 83 < > Compared to other states, Minnesota has gone from first to last in white pine lumber production. For example, Minnesota started with twice as much white pine as New Hampshire but now has only a 20th as much. New Hampshire and other eastern states manage their white pines on a nearly sustainable basis and now produce 99 percent of the nation's white pine lumber. There's no nationwide shortage of white pine lumber, but there is a shortage in Minnesota where overharvest has reduced our output to the point where Minnesota now produces less than one percent of the nation's white pine lumber.

2f887c6b-2406-438c-bd4e-0541326e90a1 Back